Supporting Learners with SEND in Phonics Instruction

​Teaching learners with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) can be both rewarding and challenging. When it comes to teaching reading and writing, systematic synthetic phonics (SSP) has emerged as the most effective method for learners across the ability spectrum, including those with SEND. In this blog, we will explore how phonics can be adapted to support learners with SEND and why it remains the best approach for their literacy development.

Why Phonics Works for SEND Learners
There’s a common misconception that phonics is only effective for neurotypical learners and that those with SEND need an entirely different approach. However, research consistently shows that systematic synthetic phonics is the best method for all learners, including those with SEND. Here’s why:

1. Structured and Predictable Learning
   Learners with SEND often benefit from highly structured and predictable teaching methods. Phonics follows a clear and logical progression, which helps these learners navigate the complexities of reading by breaking it down into manageable steps. This systematic approach ensures that no skill is skipped, giving learners a solid foundation before moving to more complex concepts.
2. Tailored Support
   Phonics instruction can be easily tailored to suit individual learning needs. For example, some learners may require more time to master specific sounds, while others may need additional support in blending or segmenting words. With phonics, teachers can slow the pace, provide more practice, and adapt resources without deviating from the overall method.
3. Multisensory Learning Opportunities
   Many learners with SEND benefit from multisensory teaching approaches. Phonics lends itself well to this by incorporating visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements. For example, learners can hear the sound, see the corresponding letter, and trace the shape with their finger. This multisensory reinforcement helps cement the link between letters and sounds in a more effective way.
4. Developing Independence
   Phonics empowers learners to decode new words independently, even when they struggle with memory or processing difficulties. Rather than relying on sight words or memorisation, phonics equips learners with the tools they need to tackle unfamiliar words on their own. This fosters a sense of independence and accomplishment, which is crucial for building confidence.

Key Phonics Strategies for SEND Learners

1. Slower Pace, More Repetition
   Learners with SEND often require additional time to fully grasp phonics concepts. A slower pace, coupled with frequent repetition, ensures they don’t feel overwhelmed. Rocket Phonics, for example, progresses through two letter sounds per week instead of the more typical four, allowing more time for practice and mastery.
2. Small Group or One-on-One Support
   Phonics is typically taught as part of whole-class instruction, but for learners with SEND, smaller group settings or one-on-one sessions can make a significant difference. These more focused sessions allow teachers to provide targeted support and adapt lessons to individual learning styles and needs.
3. Use of Visual Supports and Manipulatives
   Visual aids such as grapheme cards, flashcards, and phonics mats can be especially helpful for learners with visual processing difficulties or those who need additional reinforcement. Physical manipulatives, like magnetic letters or grapheme tiles, allow learners to physically interact with the letters and sounds, further solidifying their understanding.
4. Pre-Teaching and Overlearning
   Pre-teaching key concepts before the main phonics lesson can give learners with SEND a head start and help them feel more prepared during the full class session. Similarly, overlearning—repeatedly revisiting a concept until it is deeply ingrained—can be highly beneficial for these learners, ensuring they retain knowledge over the long term.

Rocket Phonics: A SEND-Friendly Approach
Rocket Phonics is designed to support learners of all abilities, including those with SEND. The programme incorporates several SEND-friendly features that make it easier to adapt to individual needs:

• Clear, Linear Progression: The structured nature of Rocket Phonics ensures that all learners can progress step by step, with regular opportunities for review and consolidation.
• Flexible Resources: Teachers can adapt materials like flashcards, Big Books, and Practice Booklets to suit the needs of learners with SEND. For example, learners can use smaller, personalised flashcards or access digital resources that offer additional scaffolding.
• Targeted Interventions: Rocket Phonics provides specific guidance on how to implement interventions for learners who are struggling, with a focus on additional practice, time, and support.

Practical Tips for Teachers

1. Identify the Specific Difficulty
   Use the four key principles of phonics instruction—knowledge of the alphabetic code, blending, segmenting, and handwriting—to pinpoint exactly where a learner is struggling. This allows you to tailor your intervention more effectively.
2. Use Scaffolding, but Don’t Overdo It
   Scaffolding tools like sound buttons or manipulable letters can help learners with specific challenges, but they should be gradually removed as the learner becomes more confident. Over-reliance on these tools can delay progress.
3. Celebrate Small Wins
   Progress for SEND learners may be slower, but it’s important to celebrate every achievement, no matter how small. Positive reinforcement boosts confidence and encourages learners to keep pushing forward.
4. Maintain High Expectations
   Always be ambitious for your learners, even when progress seems slow. Learners with SEND are often capable of much more than we anticipate, and it’s crucial to maintain high expectations while providing the support they need to meet those expectations.

​
Systematic synthetic phonics is not just for mainstream learners—it is also highly effective for supporting children with SEND. By offering structured, cumulative learning and adaptable resources, phonics provides the perfect foundation for helping these learners develop essential literacy skills. With the right interventions and support, learners with SEND can thrive in phonics lessons, developing the reading and writing abilities they need to succeed.